🥃Why is Scotch Smoky? Understanding Phenol PPM

bottle of scotch shrouded in smoke, where cannot read writing

You may hear people referring to the concept of "PPM" as it relates to Scotch. Though there is a large amount of variety in whisky, scotch is often caricatured as being smoke flavored by international audiences. Phenol is the main molecule that humans perceive as having a peated or smoky taste and many familiar with the industry may ask what the "PPM" of a given bottle of scotch is. In chemistry and in this case, "PPM" stands for parts per million and is a measure of concentration. If a whisky is 1 part per million phenol, then one milligram of a liter of that whisky is phenol.

What are Phenols?

If you've glanced at our guide to chemicals that flavor whisky, you know that there are a huge number of molecules that can impact final taste. The main phenols are the namesake Phenol - iodine like or medicinal flavor, Guaiacol - burnt/smoke notes, Syringol - aroma only smoke, and Cresol - earthy tar/coal/moss.

Malted Barley Drying for scotch production

Where does Phenol in Scotch come from?

Most phenol in scotch is due to peat being burnt in a kiln which releases phenols into the air that then bind with the moist barley sitting above, a process which can take 10-30 hours. This is typically done to dry the malted barley thus stopping the germination process which would otherwise consume all of the wonderful fermentable sugars. Peat is a thick mass of partially decayed organic matter, typically vegetation such as moss and grass, that forms in acidic conditions without the presence of air (anerobic). The more time that the new green malt sits exposed to the peated fire, the higher the resulting phenol level will be. Producers will have an idea for what phenol ppm they want to achieve. Maltsters will commonly blend various malt batches to achieve the right ppm concentration as the phenols are absorbed somewhat inconsistently by each batch due to difference in moisture and peat quality. Since the phenol primarily comes from peat, there are also a number of non-peated scotches on the market that allow for the highlighting of more subtle floral or fruit flavors. They will still have some small level of phenols from other sources but you'll typically see these in the 0-5ppm range. Phenol ppm measurement is done on the malt prior to mashing, fermenting, and distillation and is an accurate measure of how peated the malted barley is but other factors later in the process will significantly impact how much smoke flavor is present in the final product. The total amount of phenol typically decreases over time due to evaporation with the impact that super aged whisky would need to start at a much higher ppm to retain the same peated punch at maturity. While it may be tempting to assume that some smoke flavor comes from the charring of the barrel or Scotland's water, neither of those sources contribute significantly to the phenol concentration of a scotch.

Phenol PPM in Scotch Regions

Though again there are many factors that impact the final smoke flavor and peat content, we can generally describe the malt entry phenol ppm ranges for the major scotch producing regions as follows:

Islay - High Peat: 40-55ppm for distilleries like Laphroaig, Lagavulin, and Ardbeg
Islands - Medium Peat: 20-25ppm though there are some unpeated expressions
Campbeltown - Medium Peat: 20-25ppm though there are many unpeated recipes
Highlands - Low Peat - 1-3ppm, low enough that many may not notice.
Speyside - Low Peat: 1-3ppm
Lowlands - Unpeated: 0-1ppm

These are the most general of guidelines and final phenol content can range by up to 60-80% from the initial concentration. Some producers may have both peated and unpeated offerings as well. Lastly, the chemical composition of peat differs dramatically between the whisky regions which will result in different concentrations.

old timey map of Scotland, cartographer sketch

Phenol Content of Common Scotches

Here is a consolidated list of ppms from a variety of sources, but many producers do not publish these online so YMMV.

Ardbeg: 50-55ppm (10 year), Supernova 100ppm
Ardmore: 15ppm
Benriach - 45ppm
Benromach: 10ppm
Bowmore: 25ppm
Bruichladdich: 4ppm
Bruichladdich Octomore: (80-160+ ppm depending on edition), Octomore 8.3 was 310ppm
Bunnahabhain: .5-2ppm
Caol Ila: 35-38ppm
Glen Scotia: 12-15ppm
Glenfiddich: unpeated except for fire and cane
Glenmorangie: unpeated
Highland Park: Earthy and Floral 12-15ppm
Kilchoman: 20-40ppm
Macallan: unpeated
Laphroaig: 35-45ppm, typically drops to around 10ppm over 10 years, Floor malted 80ppm
Lagavulin: 32-37ppm, shares the same malt as Caol Ila
Port Charlotte: 40ppm
Springbank: 12-15ppm, 50-55 Longrow
Talisker: High in phenol iodine character 14-16ppm
Tomatin - 15ppm

Conclusion: Phenols and Smoke

The malt phenol ppm content is, at best, a directional indicator of flavor. The quality and content of the peat, temperature and duration of kilning, type of cask used, and duration of aging all have an outsize impact on the final smoke flavor of a whisky. You can be sure though that unpeated or low initial phenol whiskies will be relatively mild. If you're a bourbon drinker, low ppm and unpeated scotches are a great place to start. Why not try something at each level of the peat spectrum?

🥃📰 First Look: NEW Old Fitzgerald 7-Year Bottled-in-Bond Bourbon

In a TTB filing , Heaven Hill soft announces a new Old Fitzgerald edition whiskey: Old Fitzgerald Bottled-in-Bond 7-Year Bourbon. The Old Fitzgerald decanter line has long been a coveted edition, but low supply and high demand means that it is terribly hard to find, particularly for anything close to suggested retail price. Official press from the distiller has not yet occurred, but we have put together the following details. About Old Fitzgerald From Heaven Hill's wheated mash bill (68% Corn, 20% Wheat, 12% Barley), the Old Fitzgerald decanter series is a Bottled-in-Bond offering released twice annually. This mash bill is also likely shared by the Larceny series of products, all aged in #3 char barrels. Old Fitzgerald Decanter Series Old Fitzgerald 7-Year Bottled-in-Bond credit @Bourbonconky posted on X.com by Bourb Your Enthusiasm The new product will have a seven year age statement, and per the bottled-in-bond act will consist of bourbon produced by Heaven Hill wit...

🥃Review #30: Kirkland Bourbon Casked Rum XO

XO stands for "Extra Old" but how does this bottle of Bourbon Casked Rum from Costco's Kirkland Signature line measure up? 📚 Background: Finished in used Cognac barrels, this bottle is a product of Guatemala, imported for Costco by MISA IMPORTS out of Dallas Texas. MISA, named after the founder's children Michael and Sarah, started primarily as a sourcing partner for fine wines, but has since expanded operations into sourcing spirits. MISA's rum brand partners include 1731 , Autentico Nativo , and Navy Island. We would have to guess the maker if not for the back label which clearly identifies one Olivier Dumont, Master Blender. Mr. Dumont works for Les Bienheureux , a French company growing at an alarming rate that has both a foothold in French Whisky and Costa Rican Rum. Les Bienheureux is the company behind "El Pasador De Oro " (roughly translated as "Gold Pin") which has two widely available iterations. The XO version retails for $46.99 a...

🍺🍷🥃 Beer, Wine, and Spirits Rebate Website Master List

If there is anything I love more than a good drink, it's saving money buying that good drink! The rules for providing discounts on alcohol differ substantially between states with some allowing outright discounts or coupons and others entirely disallowing any sort of purchase incentive. Thankfully though, in my native Georgia as well as most states, a simple reimbursement approach is permissible. Alcohol Rebate Site Master List The following sites are relatively stable for each manufacturer. New offers usually come out every few months. None of these are affiliate links and I provide no assurance as to the process. I have saved so much money using rebates and hope you have similar success. Best practices and general process advice will be presented at the bottom. New sites will be added as I uncover them. Beer Rebates Boston Beer Company Brands - Angry Orchard, Dogfish head, Hard Mountain Dew, Samuel Adams, Sun Crusher, Truly, and Twisted Tea. Some brands may not have active...

🥃 Review #40: Kirkland Islay Single Malt Scotch Whisky (2024)

Like Costco's other Scotches, the Kirkland Signature Islay Single Malt is bottled for Alexander Murray and imported by MISA Imports after being distilled and aged in Scotland (TTB.gov plant registry TX-I-1277). The isle of Islay is one of the southern most islands in Scotland and is one of the five whisky regions ensconced in law. There are only nine active distilleries on the island, and the Islay style is typified by strong peat or smoky flavors. As a single malt, we know that the juice in this bottle comes entirely from one of those nine! All of the distilleries are significantly smaller than Glenlivet and many of the mainland producers. Taste testing has people split between Caol Illa, Bruichladdich (Port Charlotte), and Bunnahabhain as being the source. Caol Illa and Laphroig both have done deals for private brand scotch without rights to name the source distillery, but Laphroig does not match the flavor profile for this bottle. Realistically, Caol Illa is the most likely cand...

🥃 Review #43: Jim Beam Black Label 7-Year Bourbon

Upgraded in both age statement and reasonable proof, Jim Beam Black Label has a new label to match the reinvigorated specs as of 2024. Bourbon stocks have been under pressure for around a decade, but exploding producer capacity has finally caught up just a demand begins to lag. As always, the brutality of supply and demand can have some upsides, and this is bottle is one. Prior to 2015 Black Label actually had an eight year age statement. Perhaps we'll see it again if trends continue. From a design perspective, this bottle joins Jim Beam Double Oaked, Devil's Cut, Special Releases , and Single Barrel at the premium end of the Jim Beam range, billed as an affordable step up from a litter of flavored versions of the iconic white label. 🛒 Sourced: $27.99 - Total Wine, GA - 750ml, also commonly available in 1.75L in the low $40s. I actually grabbed a gift set which included two lovely little rocks glasses for $3 extra. Black Label is about $10 more expensive than...

Castle & Cairn

Search This Blog